Camera obscura u crno : bijeloj fotografiji

undergraduate thesis

• Author: Antonela Alilović
• Mentor: Miroslav Mikota (mentor)
• Committee member: Nina Knešaurek (član povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Miroslav Mikota (član povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Lidija Mandić (član povjerenstva)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; Faculty of Graphic Arts; Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2014-9-18, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: TECHNICAL SCIENCES; Graphic Technology

Abstract

Camera obscura (lat. tamna soba), u osnovi je kutija ili bilo koji zamračeni prostor u koji kroz mali otvor ulazi svjetlo. Koristila se za crtanje i zabavu te je bila jedno od otkrića koje je vodilo razvoju fotografije. Princip rada i izrade camere obscure je jednostavan. Radi se o centralnoj projekciji na čijem principu nastaje i slika u ljudskom oku. Zrake svjetlosti koje se odbijaju na sve strane od vanjskih predmeta prolaze kroz maleni otvor na jednoj strani camere obscure te projiciraju sliku tih istih predmeta na suprotnu površinu (ekran). Projicirana slika okrenuta je naopačke kao i kod ljudskog oka. Ako se na ekran postavi neka fotoosjetljiva površina (foto-film, foto-papir...), nakon eksponiranja (otvaranja rupice), koje može trajati od par minuta do par sati, dobiva se zapis na filmu ili foto-papiru koji daljnjom obradom daje fotografiju.

Klasične crno-bijele fotografije razvijaju se u tamnoj komori. Svaki pozitiv fotografije nastaje osvjetljavanjem negativa aparatom za povećavanje. Pri tome nastaje latentna slika koju je potrebno razviti u razvijaču određeno vrijeme uz povremeno ljuljanje kadice. Razvijanje se prekida u prekidaču, dok se kupanjem u fiksiru sprječava da slika postane žuta. Nakon ispiranja slika se suši. U cijelom ovom procesu postoje mnoge promjenjive varijable koje je potrebno ispravno odabrati kako bi dobili bolju fotografiju (oštru, ispravno osvijetljenu, nepožutjelu, ravnu...).

Abstract (english)

Camera obscura (lat. Dark room), is basically any dark area in which, through a small opening, a light comes in to. It was used for drawing and entertainment and it was one of the discoveries that led to development of modern day photography. Basis of how the camera obscura works are very simple. It revolves around a central projection, same principle that human eye relies on to create image. Beams of light, that normaly bounce off objects in every direction, go through a small hole on one side of the camera obscura and project the image of those same objects on an opposite surface (screen).

Projected image is turned upside down, same as in human eye. If you place a light sensitive material on the screen (photo-film, photo-paper...) and expose it to light (opening a hole) which can take anywhere from few minutes to few hours, we get sort of a recording on a photosensitive material which can later on be made in to a photograph.

Classical black and white photographs are developed in the dark room. Every positive of the photograph is made by shining a light to the negative with the amplifying device. This creates a latent image which needs to be developed in the developing liquid for a certain period of time with occasional nudging of the pot. Developing process is stopped in a stop bath and udnergoes a fixer treatment which prevents the picture of becoming yellow. After baths, the photograph is dried out. In the proces there are a lot of arbitrary factors which take careful choosing so we get a better photograph (sharp, right lightening, not yellow, straight...).

• Keywords: camera obscura; fotografija; fotoosjetljiva površina; eksponiranje
• Keywords (english): camera obscura; photography; photosensitive material; exposing
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:216:050164
• Study programme: Title: Printing technology, course Technical - technological; Course: Graphic technology; Study programme type: university; Study level: undergraduate; Academic / professional title: sveučilišni/a prvostupnik/prvostupnica (baccalaureus/baccalaurea) inženjer/inženjerka grafičke tehnologije (sveučilišni/a prvostupnik/prvostupnica (baccalaureus/baccalaurea) inženjer/inženjerka grafičke tehnologije)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Open access
• Created on: 2024-04-16 18:07:20