| Abstract | U cilju zaštite autorskih prava hidrografskih organizacija koje izdaju pomorske karte, te
posebno radi očuvanja razine sigurnosti plovidbe, nužno je smanjiti rizik od krivotvorenja.
Stoga se predlaže i opravdava uvođenje sigurnosnih elemenata zaštite pomorskih karata. Uz
ranije poznate i praktično primjenjive elemente zaštite (vodeni žig u papiru i hologram),
uvode se novi sigurnosni elementi temeljeni na InfrareDesign® (IRD) tiskarskoj tehnologiji.
Cilj istraživanja je prijedlog nove sistematizacije i uvođenje novog učinkovitog modela zaštite
službenih pomorskih karata od krivotvorenja. Na taj se način utječe na pouzdanost
informacijskog sadržaja i posljedično na podizanje razine sigurnosti plovidbe.
Zaštita pomorskih karata od krivotvorenja ima dvostruku ulogu. Prva je zaštita autorskih
prava izdavača, kojima se krivotvorenjem nanosi određena financijska šteta. Druga uloga
predloženog modela zaštite je u očuvanju razine sigurnosti plovidbe. Naime, korištenje
pomorskih karata koje nisu izdane i ažurirane od strane ovlaštenog ureda i organiziranog
sustava distribucije, mogu dovesti u opasnost korisnika odnosno plovilo, teret i posadu.
U tehnološkom smislu, primjena novog sustava boja ne postavlja nikakve posebne zahtjeve,
obzirom da se za pomorske karte primjenjuju klasična i digitalna tehnologija. Obe navedene
tehnologije bazirane su na tisku odnosno ispisu procesnim CMYK bojama. Prednost takve
definicije boja je upravo mogućnost primjene različitih tiskarskih tehnologija.
Informacijska perspektiva uvođenja novog sustava boja je omogućavanje potpune kontrole
nad informacijskim sadržajem pomorske karte. Informacijski sadržaj karte je podijeljen po
kriterijima nautičke važnosti.
Kako bi se provjerila učinkovitost novih zaštitnih elemenata u temu je uključena i grafička
forenzike koje se bavi sprječavanjem krivotvorenja i vještačenjem spornih dokumenata.
Uvođenje novog sustava boja i primjena IRD tehnologije skrivene slike na pomorskim
kartama je korak prema svojevrsnoj "proširenoj stvarnosti". Informacijski sadržaj koji nije
dostupan ljudskom oku na ovaj način postaje stvaran pomoću uređaja za detekciju i
promatranje u NIR području. "Proširena stvarnost" potpuno novi način interpretacije
informacija, do sada neprimjenjen u praksi hidrografskih ureda u svijetu, na način da se uvodi
dualna slika odnosno dualni informacijski sadržaj. |
| Abstract (english) | Official nautical charts (eng. chart, sea chart, marine chart; fra. carte marine; ger. Seekarte;
ita. carta nautica, carta marina, cro. pomorska karta) are one of the basic navigation aids.
Given their purpose and method of publishing, they are copyrighted documents. Their
counterfeiting, in addition to some financial harm to the publisher, could put the user at risk
at sea. Forged nautical charts can cause an imminent threat to navigation safety and
endanger human lives at sea. In order to ensure the reliability of the information content of
nautical charts and to preserve the level of navigation safety, it is necessary to minimize the
risk of counterfeiting.
Therefore, it is proposed and justified to introduce security features for the protection of
nautical charts. In addition to the previously known and practically applicable security
features (watermarked paper and hologram), new security features based on InfrareDesign®
(IRD) hidden image technology, are being introduced.
The steganographic model of near-infrared (NIR) security printing using IRD technology
enables the protection of nautical charts to be raised to a higher level using existing
conventional and digital printing techniques. Besides counterfeit prevention, the application
of this model also enables the expansion of information content without affecting the visual
clarity of the map in the visible spectrum.
There are international recommendations on the use of colours regarding nautical charts but
there is no information on the spectrographic composition of these colours. Therefore,
spectrographic measurement of colours is carried out, which extends beyond the visible to the
near-infrared part of the spectrum. Spectroscopy is the starting point for the unambiguous
and scientifically based proposal for the application of new colours on nautical charts.
In order to test the effectiveness of new security features, besides graphic technology, this
multidisciplinary topic also includes the field of graphic forensics, which deals with, among
other things, the prevention of counterfeiting and the examination of questioned documents.
Protection of official nautical charts against counterfeiting
In order to protect the copyright of hydrographic organizations that issue nautical charts,
and in particular to preserve the level of navigation safety, it is necessary to reduce the risk of counterfeiting. To protect official nautical charts against counterfeiting, security elements in
material, printing/press and colours may be applied.
In this regard, it is proposed to introduce security elements at three levels:
1. Watermark in cartographic paper,
2. Publisher Trademark Hologram and
3. Application of InfrareDesign hidden image technology.
InfrareDesign® (IRD) technology is suitable for the nautical charts because it can be applied
to the various classical and digital printing technologies that are used to produce them.
The use of InfrareDesign technology enables the selection of information content that will be
visible or invisible in a particular part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
For example, a hydrographic original (with all depth marks) can be used for special
purposes, as hidden or invisible information in the visible part of the spectrum, which at the
same time will be visible in the near-infrared part of the spectrum.
The main activity of hydrography involves the preparation and creation of hydrographic data
in order to produce hydrographic originals. The hydrographic original is the basis according
to which nautical charts, plans and other publications relevant to navigation safety, are
made.
To maintain the visibility of the chart, the information contained in the hydrographic original
shall be reduced by map generalization only to display the depths necessary for safe
navigation. Most of the depth information obtained from the hydrographic survey is reduced
and does not appear on the chart.
Through the use of the IRD technology, the visual status of the chart in the visible part of the
spectrum (in daylight or artificial light), remains unchanged. Hidden additional information
from the hydrographic original is visible when verifying the issue's authenticity, as well as for
observation for special purposes.
The infrared property of the dye disables recording, scanning or any other unauthorized
copying or reproduction.
Besides the protection against counterfeiting, it is possible to expand the information content
of the nautical chart for the purpose of raising the level of navigation safety. Furthermore,
additional informational content can be used for special purposes, for example, military and similar purposes, maritime-technical or commercial purposes (fishing, underwater
construction, construction of marinas and harbours, etc.).
This dissertation will show new methods of creating security graphics by programmed colour
mixing intended for two separate wavelength ranges.
The purpose of the research
The purpose of the research is to offer a systematization and introduction of a new effective
model to protect official nautical charts against counterfeiting. This will affect the reliability
of the information content and consequently increase the level of navigation safety.
The specific objective is to introduce new spectrographic characteristics of colours that are
applicable to different nautical chart printing techniques.
A new information system for the absorption characteristics of colours in the visible and near
infrared region will be introduced, thereby extending the information content on nautical
charts.
Research Hypotheses
1. Based on InfrareDesign® printing technology, a new steganographic model of
infrared security printing of nautical charts will be developed.
2. The application of the new model will allow the information content of the charts to
expand, which will be visible only in the near infrared region.
3. Key parameter identification of twin colours is based on spectrographic colour tests.
4. A completely new model to protect nautical charts from counterfeiting will be
proposed to the International Hydrographic Organization.
Expected scientific contribution of the proposed research
The expected scientific contribution is the development of a new steganographic model for the
protection of nautical charts against counterfeiting. A new systematization will be introduced
while applying safety elements in the printing of nautical charts in material, printing and
colourants. Furthermore, contribution is in expansion of the information content of nautical charts with
the hidden level of information in the infrared part of the spectrum. The optimal values of
CMYKIR separation will be determined in the range of standard process dyes in nautical
chart printing by different printing technologies.
Protection model proposal
In addition to analysis and proposal of previously known and applicable methods of
protection, such as watermarks and holograms, the focus of the dissertation is on the
introduction and application of IRD technology. Aside from counterfeiting protection, as its
basic role, with the application of IRD technology, it is possible to expand the information
content of the nautical chart or to display additional information important for navigation
safety.
Research into the application of IRD technology has contributed to the functionality and
protection of products and copyrights and thereby introduced a new field of operation and
development of dye management technologies as well as detection systems. In doing so, they
have become crucial when it comes to security.
In terms of communication and information, the steganographic model of applying a hidden
image, is a significant breakthrough.
InfrareDesign® printing technology is the result of a long research by Croatian scientists in
the field of colours and dyes in the visible - V (visible) and invisible near infrared - NIR (near
infrared) parts of the spectrum. Its application has been tested and developed for various
types of dyes and printing techniques, from offset press, flexo and screen printing, to digital
printing technologies.
It is a steganographic method of hiding and transmitting information in order to conceal
secret messages so that they are completely invisible to a third party during the transfer to the
recipient and during the application.
Document verification is possible due to the specific dye response in the visible and nearinfrared spectrum. CMYKIR separation (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, K-Black, InfraRed) is
introduced in printing technology with a unique system of colour management that connects
visible and near-infrared range of electromagnetic radiation. The visibility of graphical elements with the help of instruments in the wavelength from 700 to
1000 nm allows programming of the choice of information visibility with common process
colours. So there is no introduction of additional colours or special printing techniques.
The development of graphic technology and the application of scientific advances in the field
of printing have enabled the application of new security printing methods. However, the
availability of digital copiers, scanners and image processing software, as well as digital
printing devices, has at the same time, greatly simplified the possibility of counterfeiting.
That is why the challenge of applying security features in printing with new technologies lies
in designing elements that cannot be copied or scanned. While establishing security for
official documents, security features are systematized with clearly indicated graphic materials
and printing technologies.
Authorized safety features such as hologram and watermark, infrared - IR or ultraviolet - UV
printing are used for large editions. Near-infrared electromagnetic radiation is observed from
700 nm to 1000 nm, while ultraviolet radiation is in the wavelength range from 10 to 400 nm.
In the case of authorized protection of official documents, the principle is to apply at least one
visible element of protection together with one hidden colour protection or hidden
information in eg. IR or UV spectrum. |
